INTRODUCTION Latin American Journal of Education (LAJoE) is a double-blind peer-reviewed, bi-monthly e-journal based in the USA, supported by a strong Editorial Board and an efficient peer-review system. The journal aims to contribute to the advancement of knowledge and research in education and related disciplines. It focuses on disseminating scholarly work and innovative practices in the fields of pedagogy, curriculum development, educational technology, teacher training, higher education management, educational psychology, distance learning, inclusive education, early childhood education, comparative education, and language education. JOURNAL INFORMATION Journal title : Latin American journal of education Initials : LAJoE Abbreviation : L.A.J.O.E Frequency : once every 45 days Chief Editor: : Steven Brint Impact Factor (IF) : 9.347 DOI : Online ISSN : 2155-1596 Publisher : Latin American journal of education (USA) Language: : English Country of Origin: : USA
CONTEMPORARY METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE THEORY OF INDIVIDUAL STYLE: LINGUOPOETIC, COGNITIVE, AND COMMUNICATIVE APPROACHES
This article examines the formation and development of the theory of individual style in Uzbek linguistics. It analyzes the scholarly views of Uzbek linguists on the phenomenon of individual style and highlights its linguostylistic, linguopoetic, communicative, and cognitive dimensions. Particular attention is paid to the concept of idiostyle as a reflection of the author's linguistic personality, artistic thinking, aesthetic vision, and national-cultural worldview. The study also discusses contemporary methodological approaches to the investigation of individual style and their significance in the linguistic analysis of literary texts.
individual style, idiostyle, Uzbek linguistics, linguopoetics, stylistics, linguistic personality, literary text, communicative approach, cognitive approach, authorial style.
SOCIAL PROTECTION ISSUES DURING THE ERA OF THE SHAYBANIDS
This article analyzes the formation of the social protection system during the Shaybanid era and its main directions. In particular, it highlights the attention paid by the state to supporting the needy segments of the population, the role of the waqf institution in social life, charity, zakat and sadaqah systems, as well as education and healthcare. Also, the policy of the Shaybanid rulers to ensure social stability is analyzed based on historical sources, revealing the specific features of the social protection experience of this period. The results of the research serve to scientifically assess the significance of the social protection system during the Shaybanid era in the development of society and state administration.
Период правления Шайбанидов, социальная защита, пожертвования, закят, благотворительность, государственное управление, социальная политика, исторические источники.
O‘TGAN ZAMON FE’L SHAKLLARINI INGLIZ TILIDAN O‘ZBEK TILIGA TARJIMA QILISHDAGI MUAMMOLAR (JORJ ORUELNING “MOLXONA” ASARI ASOSIDA)
Ushbu maqolada o‘tgan zamon fe’l shakllarini, asosan, Past Perfect Continuous hamda Future in the Past zamonlarini ingliz tilidan o‘zbek tiliga tarjima qilish muammolari tadqiq qilingan. Unda Jorj Oruelning “Molxona” asaridagi tarjima namunalari diqqat markaziga olingan. Tarjimadagi yutuq va kamchiliklar ko‘rsatilib, yuqorida ta’kidlangan ikki zamonni tarjima qilishga doir tavsiyalar berilgan.
Ismonaliyev Jamoliddin Qo‘ldashaliyevich
PSYCHOLOGICAL CHARACTЕRISTICS OF THЕ FORMATION OF MORAL VALUЕS IN PRЕSCHOOL-AGЕ CHILDRЕN
Prеschool childhood (approximatеly thrее to sеvеn yеars of agе) is a sеnsitivе pеriod for thе еmеrgеncе of thе еarliеst stablе moral valuеs. During thеsе yеars thе child movеs from еxtеrnal, adult-rеgulatеd obеdiеncе toward thе gradual intеrnalisation of social norms and thе formation of a rudimеntary moral sеlf. This articlе еxaminеs thе psychological charactеristics of that procеss, intеgrating classical and contеmporary thеorеtical pеrspеctivеs with an analysis of thе dеvеlopmеntal dynamics of four corе moral componеnts: еmpathic rеsponsivеnеss, prosocial bеhaviour, moral judgеmеnt, and moral sеlf-rеgulation. Thе papеr outlinеs thе principal psychological mеchanisms involvеd (idеntification, imitation, еmotional anticipation, intеrnalisation, and sеlf-еvaluation), dеscribеs thеir agе-rеlatеd transformation, and discussеs thе socio-psychological conditions that еithеr facilitatе or hindеr hеalthy moral dеvеlopmеnt. A summarising tablе of dеvеlopmеntal stagеs and a comparativе chart of componеnt dynamics arе providеd. Thе findings undеrscorе that moral valuе formation in еarly childhood is not a procеss of passivе assimilation but an activе, еmotionally saturatеd rеconstruction of social еxpеriеncе, mеdiatеd by thе quality of thе child’s rеlationships with significant adults and pееrs.
TEMIR YO‘L KO‘PRIKLARINING TEXNIK EKSPLUATATSIYASI HOLATINI BAHOLASHNING ZAMONAVIY USULLARI
Mazkur maqolada temir yo‘l ko‘priklarining texnik ekspluatatsiyasi holatini baholashning zamonaviy usullari tahlil qilingan. Texnik diagnostika, vizual ko‘rik, instrumental monitoring, sensor texnologiyalari hamda raqamli boshqaruv tizimlarining afzalliklari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, ko‘priklarning ekspluatatsiya ishonchliligini oshirish, texnik xizmat ko‘rsatish samaradorligini ta’minlash va xavfsizlik darajasini kuchaytirishga qaratilgan ilmiy taklif va tavsiyalar ishlab chiqilgan.
METAFORIK BIRLIKLARNING LUG‘AT BOYLIGINI SHAKLLANTIRISH VA MA’NO KENGAYISHIDAGI ROLI
Ushbu tezisda metaforik birliklarning til lug‘at boyligini shakllantirish va so‘z ma’nolarining kengayishidagi o‘rni tahlil qilinadi. Metafora tilning leksik-semantik tizimida yangi ma’nolar hosil qiluvchi, mavjud birliklarning funksional imkoniyatlarini kengaytiruvchi hamda kommunikativ ehtiyojlarni qondiruvchi muhim vosita sifatida o‘rganiladi. Shuningdek, metaforik ko‘chish natijasida yuzaga keladigan polisemiya hodisasi va uning til taraqqiyotidagi ahamiyati misollar asosida yoritiladi.
METHODOLOGY FOR DIGITAL MONITORING AND COORDINATION OF SUPPLY CHAIN PARTICIPANTS BASED ON INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Digital monitoring and coordination have become a unified managerial contour in contemporary supply chain management, linking data capture, integration, analytics, decision-making, execution, and feedback. The purpose of this article is to develop a methodological framework for digital monitoring and coordination of supply chain participants based on information and communication technologies. The study is based on the systematization of recent literature on supply chain visibility, information integration, cloud analytics, data management, and digital twins, as well as on the analytical synthesis of ICT instruments, performance indicators, barriers, and implementation stages. The results show that digital monitoring creates visibility, while coordination transforms visibility into synchronized action. ICT perform at least five core functions in this process: event capture, data integration, reduction of information asymmetry, synchronization of decisions, and transition from reactive to proactive management. The article identifies a toolkit that includes IoT, GPS and telematics, RFID, ERP, WMS, TMS, cloud platforms, dashboards, and digital twins. A methodological framework is proposed that includes diagnosis of the supply chain, selection of monitoring objects, design of a five-layer ICT architecture, data governance, KPI design, control tower configuration, exception management, predictive analytics, and continuous improvement. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of digital monitoring depends not on the isolated presence of technologies, but on the ability to integrate participant data, standardize events and KPI, ensure shared visibility and trust, and translate monitoring signals into coordinated decisions.
digital monitoring, supply chain coordination, ICT, supply chain visibility, IoT, ERP, WMS, TMS, control tower, digital twin
DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR APPLYING BIG DATA AND IOT TECHNOLOGIES IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
The digitalization of supply chain management is shifting managerial logic from retrospective accounting toward continuous observation, forecasting, and predictive-prescriptive control. In this context, the Internet of Things provides real-time primary data on the condition of objects, cargo, transport, warehouses, and production assets, whereas Big Data ensures the integration, storage, processing, and analysis of high-volume, heterogeneous, and fast-arriving data for decision-making. The purpose of this article is to develop a methodology for applying Big Data and IoT technologies in supply chain management on the basis of current scientific and industry evidence. The study relies on analytical synthesis of literature on Supply Chain 4.0, Big Data analytics, IoT-enabled visibility, digital logistics, and technology implementation risks. The results show that Big Data and IoT are complementary rather than alternative technologies: IoT generates factual event streams, while Big Data converts them into managerial decisions. The most mature application domains are demand forecasting, transport monitoring, inventory management, cargo condition control, route optimization, and risk management. A layered data architecture and a nine-stage implementation methodology are proposed, including diagnosis, use-case prioritization, data mapping, IoT deployment, Big Data platform creation, model development, managerial integration, piloting, and governance. The article also systematizes operational, economic, visibility, resilience, and ESG indicators for performance assessment. It is concluded that the key effect is achieved not by data collection alone, but by embedding analytics into the operational contour of supply chain management.
Big Data, Internet of Things, supply chain management, Supply Chain 4.0, demand forecasting, transport monitoring, inventory management, route optimization, data architecture, digital logistics
AESTHETIC AND POETIC ROLE OF EXPRESSIVE DEVICES IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK POETRY
This study examines the aesthetic and poetic role of expressive devices in English and Uzbek poetry from a comparative perspective. The research explores how stylistic devices such as metaphor, simile, personification, hyperbole, symbolism, repetition, alliteration, and irony contribute to the artistic value, emotional expressiveness, and semantic richness of poetic texts. The study is based on the theoretical principles of stylistics, poetics, and comparative literature and draws upon the scholarly works of both English and Uzbek linguists and literary critics. Comparative, descriptive, stylistic, semantic, and contextual methods are employed to identify similarities and differences in the use of expressive devices in the two literary traditions. The findings indicate that although English and Uzbek poetry have developed within different linguistic and cultural environments, both traditions employ expressive devices as essential means of creating aesthetic beauty and conveying profound artistic meaning. The research contributes to the fields of comparative stylistics, literary criticism, translation studies, and intercultural communication and may serve as a useful resource for researchers, students, and translators interested in poetic language.
expressive devices, stylistics, poetics, English poetry, Uzbek poetry, metaphor, simile, personification, symbolism, comparative analysis, aesthetic function, literary language.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COLLABORATIVE LEARNING IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE CLASSROOMS
This study examines the effectiveness of collaborative learning in English language classrooms and its impact on students' language proficiency, academic achievement, motivation, and communicative competence. The research is based on the theoretical principles of social constructivism and cooperative learning developed by leading scholars, including Vygotsky, Johnson and Johnson, and Slavin. The study analyzes previous research findings and discusses the advantages and challenges of implementing collaborative learning strategies in English language teaching. The results indicate that collaborative learning promotes active participation, meaningful interaction, critical thinking, and the development of essential communication and interpersonal skills. Although certain challenges such as unequal participation and classroom management exist, the findings suggest that appropriately designed collaborative activities significantly enhance the quality of English language education. The study concludes that collaborative learning is an effective learner-centered approach that supports both academic success and the development of twenty-first-century skills.
Collaborative learning, English language teaching, cooperative learning, communicative competence, learner-centered approach, language acquisition, motivation, classroom interaction, social constructivism, English language classroom.
LINGUOCULTUROLOGY AND THE CONCEPT OF LINGUOCULTUREME
This article explores the role of linguoculturology as an interdisciplinary field connecting language and culture. It highlights how linguoculturology contributes to communicative linguistics by analyzing the interrelation between linguistic units and cultural values. The concept of linguocultureme is examined as a key component in understanding how culture is encoded in language. Various types of linguoculturemes—lexical, phraseological, proverbial, and symbolic—are analyzed with examples from Uzbek and English. The paper also discusses the main challenges of translating linguoculturemes across languages, emphasizing the importance of cultural adequacy over literal equivalence.
linguoculturology, linguocultureme, communicative linguistics, translation, cultural adequacy, cultural code.
SHAXS RIVOJIDA O‘QITISH JARAYONINING TA’LIMIY VA TARBIYAVIY TA’SIRINI ILMIY TAHLIL ETISH
Ushbu maqolada shaxs rivojida o‘qitish jarayonining ta’limiy va tarbiyaviy ta’siri kompleks ilmiy tahlil qilingan. Zamonaviy ta’lim paradigmasi o‘zgarishi sharoitida o‘qitish jarayoni nafaqat bilim, ko‘nikma va malakalarni shakllantirish, balki shaxsning ijodiy, ma’naviy-axloqiy va ijtimoiy sifatlarini rivojlantirish vazifasini ham o‘z oldiga qo‘ymoqda. Tadqiqotda shaxsga yo‘naltirilgan ta’lim, individuallashtirish va o‘z-o‘zini tarbiyalash fenomenlari nazariy-metodologik jihatdan tahlil qilingan. 2025-2026-o‘quv yilida Urganch shahridagi uchta umumta’lim maktabining 9-11-sinf o‘quvchilari va ularning o‘qituvchilari ishtirokida o‘tkazilgan empirik tadqiqot natijalari taqdim etilgan. Tadqiqotda o‘qitish jarayonining ta’limiy va tarbiyaviy ta’sirini baholash uchun maxsus ishlab chiqilgan metodika, shuningdek, J.Gilford va E.Torrens kreativlik testlari, shaxsning axloqiy-irodaviy sifatlarini o‘rganish anketalari qo‘llanilgan. Natijalar shuni ko‘rsatdiki, o‘qitish jarayonining ta’limiy va tarbiyaviy komponentlari o‘zaro chambarchas bog‘liq bo‘lib, ularning uyg‘unligi shaxs rivojining muhim omili hisoblanadi. Shuningdek, an’anaviy va innovatsion yondashuvlar qo‘llaniladigan sinflarda o‘quvchilarning bilish faolligi, kreativligi va axloqiy-irodaviy sifatlari ko‘rsatkichlari o‘rtasida statistik ahamiyatga ega farqlar aniqlandi. Maqolada olingan natijalar asosida o‘qitish jarayonining shaxs rivojiga ta’sirini kuchaytirish bo‘yicha ilmiy-amaliy tavsiyalar ishlab chiqilgan.
shaxs rivoji, ta’limiy ta’sir, tarbiyaviy ta’sir, shaxsga yo‘naltirilgan ta’lim, individuallashtirish, o‘z-o‘zini tarbiyalash, kreativlik, axloqiy-irodaviy sifatlar, ta’lim metodlari, pedagogik texnologiyalar.
TA'LIMDA SIFAT KO'RSATKICHLARINI VIZUAL TAHLIL QILISHDA DIAGNOSTIK INDIKATORLAR TIZIMI
Ushbu tadqiqot ta’lim sifatini boshqarishda qo‘llaniladigan ko‘rsatkichlarni vizual tahlil qilish uchun diagnostik indikatorlar tizimini ishlab chiqish va uning amaliy yaroqliligini baholashga qaratildi. Tadqiqotda aralash metodologiya qo‘llanildi: normativ-huquqiy va ilmiy manbalar kontent-tahlili, ekspert baholash (Delphi), indikatorlarni konstrukt-validatsiya qilish uchun omilli tahlil, ishonchlilikni tekshirish uchun ichki muvofiqlik ko‘rsatkichlari, shuningdek vizual analitika prototipini ishlab chiqish va foydalanuvchi sinovlari o‘tkazildi. Indikatorlar tizimi “kontekst–jarayon–natija” mantiqiga asoslanib, kirish resurslari, ta’lim jarayonining pedagogik-didaktik sifati, o‘quv natijalari va institut boshqaruvi kabi bloklarga ajratildi. Natijalar indikatorlar o‘rtasidagi ierarxik bog‘liqlikni, erta ogohlantirish (early warning) uchun mos diagnostik signallarni hamda interaktiv dashboardlar orqali “zaif bo‘g‘in”larni tez aniqlash imkonini ko‘rsatdi. Xulosa sifatida, taklif etilgan tizim maktab va oliy ta’lim muassasalarida ichki sifat ta’minoti, akkreditatsiyaga tayyorgarlik va ma’lumotga asoslangan boshqaruv qarorlarini qabul qilishni qo‘llab-quvvatlaydi. Amaliy ahamiyat indikatorlar pasporti, vizualizatsiya shablonlari va monitoring siklini joriy etish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar bilan mustahkamlandi.
ta’lim sifati; diagnostik indikatorlar; vizual analitika; dashboard; monitoring; erta ogohlantirish; ma’lumotga asoslangan boshqaruv.
BOSHLANGʻICH TA’LIM OʻQITUVCHILARINING PEDAGOGIK MAHORATINI ANIQLASHDA ZAMONAVIY YONDASHUVLAR
ushbu maqolada boshlangʻich ta’lim oʻqituvchilarining pedagogik mahoratini baholashda qoʻllanilayotgan zamonaviy yondashuvlar tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotning asosiy maqsadi pedagogik mahoratni aniqlashning samarali mezonlarini ishlab chiqish hamda ularni amaliyotga tatbiq etish imkoniyatlarini oʻrganishdan iborat. Tadqiqot davomida soʻrovnoma, kuzatuv va ekspert baholash metodlaridan foydalanildi. Olingan natijalar pedagogik mahoratni baholashda kompetensiyaviy yondashuv, reflektiv tahlil va raqamli diagnostika vositalarining samaradorligini koʻrsatdi.
pedagogik mahorat, boshlangʻich ta’lim, kompetensiya, diagnostika, zamonaviy yondashuvlar, refleksiya, baholash.
REKONKISTA TARIXIDAGI MUHIM JANGLAR VA MUHIM SHAXSLAR
Mazkur maqolada Rekonkista tarixining kelib chiqish sabablari, uning bosqichlari, harbiy-siyosiy xususiyatlari hamda Iberiya yarimorolida kechgan eng muhim janglar ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, Rekonkistaning borishiga bevosita ta'sir ko‘rsatgan mashhur hukmdorlar va sarkardalarning tarixiy faoliyati yoritilib, ularning harbiy strategiyasi hamda siyosiy qarorlarining tarixiy ahamiyati baholangan. Maqolada Rekonkista davrida qo‘llanilgan harbiy usullar, ritsarlik ordenlarining o‘rni, qal'alar tizimining rivojlanishi, urushlarning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy oqibatlari hamda ushbu tarixiy jarayonning Ispaniya davlatchiligi va Yevropa siyosiy taraqqiyotiga ko‘rsatgan ta'siri keng yoritilgan.
Rekonkista, Iberiya, Andalus, Kastiliya, Aragon, Granada, Pelayo, Alfonso VIII, Ferdinand II, Izabella I, Kovadonga, ritsarlar, qal'alar, o‘rta asrlar, Ispaniya, davlatchilik, strategiya, janglar.
INTEGRATION OF INTERACTIVE AND PROBLEM-BASED EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES IN DEVELOPING THE CRITICAL THINKING COMPETENCE OF FUTURE TEACHERS
The development of critical thinking competence has become one of the primary objectives of contemporary teacher education in response to the growing demands of competency-based learning and the knowledge society. This study explores the pedagogical potential of integrating interactive learning technologies and Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in fostering the critical thinking competence of future teachers. The research is based on a qualitative approach employing theoretical analysis, comparative pedagogical analysis, content analysis, and pedagogical synthesis of contemporary scientific literature. The findings indicate that the integration of interactive and problem-based learning creates a learner-centered educational environment that enhances analytical reasoning, reflective thinking, collaborative problem-solving, and evidence-based decision-making. The study demonstrates that the combined application of these instructional approaches produces a synergistic effect, enabling future teachers to actively construct knowledge, critically evaluate information, and effectively address authentic professional challenges. Furthermore, the research proposes a conceptual framework that supports competency-oriented teacher education and aligns with international educational standards. The findings provide theoretical and methodological guidance for curriculum developers, teacher educators, and higher education institutions seeking to modernize teacher preparation through innovative pedagogical strategies. Future empirical research is recommended to validate the effectiveness of the proposed integrated instructional model across diverse educational contexts.
critical thinking competence, future teachers, interactive learning technologies, problem-based learning, competency-based education, higher education, teacher education, active learning, reflective thinking, collaborative learning, pedagogical innovation.
THE BORROWED LAYER OF UZBEK STATE ADMINISTRATION TERMS
The article examines lexical units borrowed into the Uzbek language from other languages and used as terms in the field of state administration, and identifies the quantitative indicator of borrowings. In particular, it was studied that the main part of the terms related to public administration in the assimilated layer consists of terms borrowed from Arabic and Latin, and subsequent borrowing is due to lexical units in French and English. The original and borrowed forms and semantic differences of terms borrowed from unrelated languages are analyzed.
acquired layer of public administration terms, phenomenon of word borrowing, foreign language element, hybrid term, international term element, component.
РОЛЬ ИННОВАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В ПРОЦЕССЕ НАЧАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ.
В данной статье говорится о том, что современные педагогические технологии в начальных классах развивают у учащихся навыки совместной работы в парах и группах, а активизация учащихся в образовательном процессе считается одним из основных принципов дидактики. Процесс активизации - это эффективная организация учебного процесса путем целенаправленного воздействия на обучающихся
начальные,классы, современные, технологии, учащиеся, пары, навыки, Образование,процесс, дидактические, принципы,
MUSTAQILLIK YILLARIDA RANGTASVIR TA’LIMINING RIVOJLANISHI VA UNI O‘QITISHNING O‘ZIGA XOS XUSUSIYATLARI
Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekiston mustaqilligi yillarida rangtasvir ta’limining rivojlanish bosqichlari, mazmun-mohiyati hamda uni o‘qitishning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari tahlil qilinadi. Mustaqillik davrida tasviriy san’at ta’limini modernizatsiya qilish, milliy qadriyatlarni ta’lim mazmuniga singdirish va zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiyalarni joriy etish masalalari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, rangtasvir fanining yosh avlodni estetik jihatdan tarbiyalash, badiiy tafakkurini rivojlantirish va ijodiy qobiliyatlarini shakllantirishdagi o‘rni ochib berilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari rangtasvir fanini o‘qitish metodikasini takomillashtirish hamda bo‘lajak tasviriy san’at o‘qituvchilarining kasbiy tayyorgarligini oshirishda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi.
rangtasvir, tasviriy san’at ta’limi, mustaqillik davri, estetik tarbiya, milliy qadriyatlar, badiiy ta’lim, ijodkorlik, pedagogik texnologiyalar.
IJTIMOIY-SIYOSIY ASARLARDA HISSIY-EKSPRESSIVLIKNI IFODALOVCHI VOSITALAR VA ULARNING TARJIMASI MASALASI
Ushbu maqolada ijtimoiy-siyosiy asarlar hamda siyosiy diskursda hissiy-ekspressivlikni shakllantiruvchi lingvistik vositalar va ularni tarjimada qayta yaratish muammolari tadqiq etiladi. Siyosiy matnlarning oʻziga xos xususiyati — oʻquvchiga nafaqat axborot yetkazish, balki uning mafkuraviy va hissiy dunyoqarashiga taʼsir oʻtkazish (manipulyatsiya) ekanligi kontseptual jihatdan asoslangan. Maqolada ingliz va oʻzbek tillaridagi leksik, sintaktik va stilistik vositalar (metafora, ritorik soʻroqlar, inversiya, inversiv epitetlar) qiyosiy tahlil qilinib, tarjimada pragmatik ekvivalentlikka erishishning samarali strategiyalari taklif etilgan.
ijtimoiy-siyosiy diskurs, hissiy-ekspressivlik, pragmatik ekvivalentlik, lingvistik manipulyatsiya, metaforik transpozitsiya, konnotatsiya, ritorik vositalar.
СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИХ КАТЕГОРИЙ КИТАЙСКОГО И УЗБЕКСКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ
В данной статье рассматриваются основные грамматические категории китайского и узбекского языков в сравнительно-сопоставительном аспекте. Анализируются особенности выражения категорий числа, падежа, времени, лица и наклонения в двух языках, принадлежащих к различным языковым семьям и типологическим группам. Китайский язык относится к изолирующему типу языков, тогда как узбекский язык является агглютинативным. Несмотря на существенные различия в грамматическом строе, оба языка обладают средствами выражения грамматических значений, обеспечивающими эффективную коммуникацию. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в области сравнительного языкознания, перевода и преподавания китайского и узбекского языков.
китайский язык, узбекский язык, сравнительная лингвистика, грамматические категории, морфология, синтаксис, агглютинация, изоляция, падеж, время.
LEXICAL AND TERMINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL AND LEGAL TERMS IN ARABIC
This article examines the lexical and terminological meanings of commercial terms in the Arabic language and provides their Uzbek equivalents. It also discusses the terms used by Arabs in the pre-Islamic period, the terminology that emerged after the advent of Islam, and the commercial terms currently employed in modern Arabic.
terminology, term, trade, Arabic language, Holy Qur’an, Hadith, commerce.
CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN ANDIJAN REGION
This article examines the spatial characteristics of demographic processes in Andijan region based on cartographic analysis and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies. The study analyzes the territorial distribution of population, population density, natural growth processes, and migration flows, identifying their spatial variations.Using a cartographic approach, the uneven distribution of demographic indicators across districts and the specific features of urbanization processes were highlighted. The results show that population density is highest in Andijan city, Asaka, and Shahrixon districts, which is closely related to industrialization and socio-economic development. In contrast, relatively lower demographic growth rates were observed in some rural areas. The study demonstrates that GIS technologies are an effective tool for spatial analysis, mapping, and identifying territorial differences in demographic processes. The analysis of migration processes indicates that both internal and external labor migration significantly influence the demographic structure of the region.
demographic processes, cartographic analysis, GIS technologies, population density, migration, urbanization, territorial disparities, geographic analysis
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF CHATGPT AS A LEARNING ASSISTANT FOR UZBEK EFL STUDENTS
This article examines the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of ChatGPT as a learning assistant for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students in Uzbekistan. As artificial intelligence tools become increasingly integrated into educational settings globally, it is essential to evaluate their practical implications within specific sociolinguistic and pedagogical contexts. The study draws on current literature in AI-assisted language learning, translation studies, and EFL pedagogy to analyze how ChatGPT can support vocabulary acquisition, writing development, and communicative practice, while also identifying the limitations that arise from over-reliance, technological inequity, and cultural-linguistic gaps. The findings suggest that ChatGPT holds significant potential as a supplementary educational resource, provided that it is used critically and guided by informed instructors.
ChatGPT, EFL students, Uzbekistan, AI-assisted language learning, opportunities, challenges, language pedagogy, artificial intelligence.
INTENSIVE READING STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE PRAGMATICS IN INTERMEDIATE EFL LEARNERS
This article investigates the role of intensive reading strategies in developing pragmatic competence among intermediate-level English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. The study explores how systematic engagement with authentic literary and non-literary texts can enhance learners' understanding of speech acts, conversational implicature, and sociolinguistic norms embedded in written discourse. Particular emphasis is placed on reading strategies such as close reading, inferencing, and discourse-level analysis as tools for pragmatic awareness development. The findings suggest that structured intensive reading activities significantly improve learners' ability to interpret and produce contextually appropriate language. Pedagogical implications for EFL curriculum design and classroom practice are discussed.
intensive reading, pragmatic competence, EFL learners, pragmatic awareness, speech acts, reading strategies, intermediate level.
INGLIZ VA O‘ZBEK TILLARIDA FONOLOGIK BIRLIKLARNING QIYOSIY-TIPOLOGIK TAHLILI
Ushbu maqolada ingliz va oʻzbek tillarining fonologik tizimlari qiyosiy-tipologik jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot davomida har ikki tilning asosiy fonologik birliklari — fonemalar, ularning variantlari (allofonlar), boʻgʻin tuzilishi, urgʻu va intonatsiya xususiyatlari qiyosiy oʻrganilgan. Ikki xil oilaga mansub (german va turkiy) tillardagi fonologik oʻxshashliklar va tub farqlar aniqlanib, oʻzbek tilli auditoriyaga ingliz tili talaffuzini oʻrgatishda yuzaga keladigan tipik interferensiya (ona tili taʼsiri) holatlari yoritilgan. Maqola yakunida tillarni qiyosiy tadqiq etishning nazariy ahamiyati hamda lingvodidaktik (til oʻqitish) amaliyotidagi oʻrni haqida xulosalar berilgan.
fonologiya, fonema, allofon, qiyosiy-tipologik tahlil, boʻgʻin strukturasi, urgʻu, fonologik interferensiya, kontrastiv lingvistika, ingliz tili, oʻzbek tili.
THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL TEAMS THROUGH THE SOCIOMETRIC METHOD
This article discusses the specific possibilities of the sociometric method in studying the socio-psychological characteristics of interpersonal relationships in professional football teams considered as small groups.
group, team, interpersonal relationships, sociometry, selection methods, sympathy, antipathy, emotional connections, reference group.
THE IMPORTANCE OF A DIFFERENTIAL APPROACH IN PRIMARY GRADE READING LESSONS
This article analyzes the pedagogical significance, theoretical and methodological foundations, and opportunities for improving educational effectiveness of the differential approach in primary school reading lessons. The study highlights the role of the differential approach in organizing the educational process, taking into account the individual characteristics, abilities , and educational needs of students. It also substantiates the impact of using differentiated tasks, individual and group work forms in reading lessons on the development of students' reading literacy, independent thinking, text analysis, and communicative competencies. The results of the study show that the differential approach is an effective pedagogical tool for improving the quality of education, strengthening students' motivation for learning, and realizing the individual potential of each student.
differentiated approach, primary education, reading lessons, reading literacy, competency-based approach, person-centered education, individualized education, differentiated tasks, pedagogical technologies, quality of education, independent thinking, communicative competence.
ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ РЕШЕНИЯ ДЛЯ ЭВАКУАЦИИ В ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫХ СИТУАЦИЯХ И ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ НАУЧНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ
Уровень целостности пространственных знаний населения имеет решающее значение для поведения при эвакуации во время пожара. Использование соответствующих мер вмешательства для людей с разным уровнем пространственных знаний может эффективно повысить эффективность эвакуации. Однако различные чрезвычайные ситуации также по-разному влияют на поведение при эвакуации. В данной работе мы объединяем целостность пространственных знаний, поведение при вмешательстве и чрезвычайные ситуации в исследовании эвакуации при пожареРезультаты исследования показали, что участники с полными пространственными знаниями имели меньшие расстояния и время эвакуации.
резкие ситуации, эвакуационное население, инновационные технологии, системы раннего предупреждения, цифровые технологии, искусственный интеллект, моделирование эвакуации, управленческий риск, научные исследования, безопасность жизнедеятельности.
РОЛЬ ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ СИСТЕМ (ГИС) В ОХРАНЕ ОКРУЖАЮЩЕЙ СРЕДЫ И УСТОЙЧИВОМ РАЗВИТИИ
В данной статье рассматривается географическая информационная система (ГИС) для охраны окружающей среды и устойчивого развития; она представляет собой интегрированное компьютерное оборудование и программное обеспечение, которое хранит, управляет, анализирует, редактирует, выводит и визуализирует географические данные. Большая часть этих процессов часто происходит в рамках пространственной базы данных, однако это не является обязательным условием для соответствия определению ГИС. Окружающая среда — важная часть нашей жизни. Наш климат меняется, и мы сталкиваемся с ужасными погодными явлениями. Урожай погибает, потому что мы не можем предсказать погоду. Ледники тают. Мир много работал над решением этих проблем, но еще многое предстоит сделать. Мы можем сделать больше, если будем использовать технологии ГИС. ГИС, или географическая информационная система, позволяет организациям легко создавать более эффективные стратегии сохранения окружающей среды. ГИС — это мощный инструмент, который помогает организациям собирать, анализировать и распространять информацию. В результате организации могут обновлять свои планы управления ресурсами и экономить деньги. Несколько исследовательских агентств используют технологии ГИС для управления и планирования своих проектов.
фрагментация, пространственные показатели, ГИС, компьютер, карты, данные, информационная система, пространственный анализ.