BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL KINETICS OF PLANT MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA L. IN THE FERGANA VALLEY
Keywords:
Matricaria chamomilla; bioorganic chemistry; chamazulene; apigenin; microenema pharmacokinetics; Fergana Valley ethnopharmacology; phytochemical kineticsAbstract
Background: Matricaria chamomilla L. (German chamomile) has been extensively employed in the traditional medical systems of Central Asia, including the Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan, for the treatment of pelvic inflammatory conditions, urogenital disorders, and visceral spasms. Despite longstanding ethnopharmacological use, a rigorous bioorganic-chemical and pharmacokinetic framework validating localized rectal delivery methods remains underexplored within the context of Uzbek flora. Objective: This review systematically bridges traditional therapeutic paradigms of aqueous chamomile infusions and rectal microenemas (huqna) with contemporary molecular pharmacology and biopharmaceutical science. Methods: Phytochemical profiling, thermal transformation kinetics of matricin-to-chamazulene, solubility thermodynamics of active constituents, and comparative pharmacokinetic modeling of rectal versus oral delivery routes were critically evaluated from peer-reviewed literature published between. Results: The thermal decarboxylation and cyclodehydration of matricin during hydrodistillation yields the lipophilic anti-inflammatory chromophore chamazulene, which potently inhibits 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Apigenin and its glycosides exert spasmolytic effects via L-type Ca²⁺ channel modulation and GABA₂ receptor potentiation. Rectal microenema delivery achieves superior pelvic bioavailability by circumventing hepatic first-pass metabolism through the hemorrhoidal venous plexus. Conclusion: The integrative analysis demonstrates that M. chamomilla grown under Fergana Valley agroecological conditions possesses validated phytochemical constituents whose pharmacological mechanisms corroborate traditional pelvic therapeutic applications. Standardization via HPLC-DAD and GC-MS is recommended for clinical translation.
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