THE PRESIDENTIAL INSTITUTION AND EXECUTIVE POWER IN THE THEORY OF THE SEPARATION OF POWERS: DOCTRINAL INTERPRETATIONS AND THE UZBEK MODEL
Keywords:
separation of powers; the presidential institution; executive power; articulated governance; unitary executive; bicephalous executive; head of state; constitutional-legal status; checks and balances; the Constitution of Uzbekistan.Abstract
This article analyses the constitutional-legal essence of the presidential institution and of executive power within the theory of the separation of powers, drawing on historical-genetic, conceptual-legal and comparative-legal methods. It compares the Uzbek, post-Soviet and Western scholarly schools, introduces the concepts of the ‘unitary executive’ and ‘articulated governance’ into national scholarly discourse, and advances the author’s own theoretical and practical conclusions.
References
1. Ackerman B. The Decline and Fall of the American Republic. — Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010. — P. 4.
2. Chabot C.K. Rejecting the Unitary Executive // Utah Law Review. — 2025. — No. 5. — P. 1045.
3. Grimaldi S. The Elephant in the Room in Presidential Politics: Informal Powers in Western Europe // Political Studies Review. — 2023. — Vol. 21, No. 4. — P. 658–675.
4. Heba D. The Unitary Executive Theory: Benefits and Dangers. M.A. Thesis. — New York: CUNY Bernard M. Baruch College, 2023. — P. 51.
5. Howell W.G., Shepsle K.A., Wolton S. Executive Absolutism: A Model // MPRA Paper No. 98221. — 2020. — P. 42.
6. Mansfield H.C., Jr. Taming the Prince: The Ambivalence of Modern Executive Power. — New York: The Free Press, 1989. — P. 215.
7. Martyniuk R., Datsiuk O., Romanov M., Khomych T. Post-Soviet Presidentialized Republics // Journal of Public Policy and Administration. — 2023. — Vol. 7, No. 2. — P. 62.
8. McConnell M.W. The President Who Would Not Be King: Executive Power under the Constitution. — Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2020. — P. 22–23, 237.
9. Meyer T., Sitaraman G. Presidential Regulation // Yale Journal on Regulation. — 2025. — Vol. 42. — P. 803–871.
10. Mortenson J.D. Article II Vests the Executive Power, Not the Royal Prerogative // Columbia Law Review. — 2019. — Vol. 119, No. 5. — P. 1169.
11. Mortenson J.D. The Executive Power Clause // University of Pennsylvania Law Review. — 2019. — Vol. 167. — P. 1289.
12. Musella F., Rullo L. The Personalization of Government: Concept and Comparative Analysis // Democratization. — 2024. — Published online. — P. 4.
13. Posner E.A., Vermeule A. The Executive Unbound: After the Madisonian Republic. — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. — P. 4, 17.
14. Sever M. Constitutional Amendments and the Rule of Law // Cornell S.E. (ed.). Constitutional Reform in Uzbekistan: A Symposium. — Singapore: ISDP, 2022. — P. 51.
15. Vile M.J.C. Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers. — 2nd ed. — Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998. — P. 64–66.
16. Waldron J. Separation of Powers in Thought and Practice // Boston College Law Review. — 2013. — Vol. 54, No. 2. — P. 434, 437, 446.
17. Abboskhojaev Sh.A. Demokratik davlat qurish sharoitida prezidentlik institutining huquqiy asoslari [The Legal Foundations of the Presidential Institution in the Context of Building a Democratic State]: Cand. of Legal Sciences dissertation. — Tashkent, 2008. — P. 137.
18. Akhmedshaeva M.A. Davlat hokimiyati tizimida ijro hokimiyati [Executive Power in the System of State Power]: Dr. of Legal Sciences (DSc) dissertation: 12.00.01. — Tashkent: Tashkent State Institute of Law, 2010. — P. 67, 68, 211.
19. Belsky K.S. O funktsiyakh ispolnitel’noy vlasti [On the Functions of Executive Power] // Gosudarstvo i pravo. — 1997. — No. 3. — P. 15.
20. Islomov Z.M. Uzbekistan: na puti k modernizatsii [Uzbekistan: On the Path to Modernisation]. — Tashkent: Tashkent State Institute of Law, 2005. — 160 p.
21. Kozlov Yu.M. Ispolnitel’naya vlast’: sushchnost’, funktsii [Executive Power: Its Essence and Functions] // Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. — 1992. — No. 4. — P. 8–9.
22. Constant B. Printsipy politiki, prigodnye dlya vsyakogo pravleniya [Principles of Politics Applicable to All Governments] // Frantsuzskiy klassicheskiy liberalizm [French Classical Liberalism]. — Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2000. — P. 138.
23. Kotovoy A.S. Politiko-pravovoy status Prezidenta RF v svete konstitutsionnoy reformy 2020 goda [The Political and Legal Status of the President of the Russian Federation in Light of the 2020 Constitutional Reform] // Voprosy rossiyskoy yustitsii. — 2023. — No. 25. — P. 34–48.
24. Krasnov M.A. Prezident v sisteme publichnoy vlasti smeshannoy modeli [The President in the System of Public Power of the Mixed Model] // Sovremennaya Rossiya. — P. 405.
25. Mirakulov M.M. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining konstitutsiyaviy-huquqiy maqomi (qiyosiy-huquqiy tahlil) [The Constitutional-Legal Status of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan: A Comparative-Legal Analysis]: Dr. of Legal Sciences (DSc) dissertation. — Tashkent: Academy of Public Administration, 2016. — P. 19.
26. Nechkin A.V. Konstitutsionno-pravovoy status pravitel’stv v stranakh SNG [The Constitutional-Legal Status of Governments in the CIS Countries]: Dr. of Legal Sciences dissertation. — Moscow, 2023. — P. 18–19, 101–102, 412.
27. Odilqoriev H.T. O‘zbekistonning yangi Konstitutsiyasi va hokimiyatlar taqsimlanishi printsipi [Uzbekistan’s New Constitution and the Principle of the Separation of Powers]. — Tashkent, 1996. — 124 p.
28. Rakhmonov F. O‘zbekiston Respublikasida ijro hokimiyatining konstitutsiyaviy-huquqiy asoslari [The Constitutional-Legal Foundations of Executive Power in the Republic of Uzbekistan]: Cand. of Legal Sciences dissertation. — Tashkent, 2008. — P. 14.
29. Rossinsky B.V. Ispolnitel’naya vlast’ i gosudarstvennoe upravlenie [Executive Power and Public Administration] // Lex Russica. — 2018. — No. 7 (140). — P. 24.
30. Saidov A.Kh. Sravnitel’noe pravovedenie: osnovnye pravovye sistemy sovremennosti [Comparative Jurisprudence: The Principal Legal Systems of the Modern World]. — Tashkent: Adolat, 1999. — 480 p.
31. Shkhagapsoev F. Pravovoe regulirovanie organizatsii ispolnitel’noy vlasti [The Legal Regulation of the Organisation of Executive Power]. — Moscow, 2007. — P. 29.
32. The Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan (new redaction of 30 April 2023). — URL: https://lex.uz.
33. Constitution of the Republic of Korea, 1987. Article 70. — URL: https://constitutionnet.org/country/republic-korea.
34. Venice Commission. Opinion on the Amendments to the Constitution Adopted by the Grand National Assembly on 21 January 2017. CDL-AD(2017)005. — 13 March 2017. — Paras. 130–132.
